People change their speech based on who they’re talking to. When speaking to an authority figure, people often use polite language. When talking among close friends, formality is often replaced with more casual, relaxed language.
Language allows humans to adapt to social situations and present themselves appropriately. In some languages, politeness is associated with specific words or phrases. Japanese is slightly different, as this formality is incorporated with Japanese language forms. Each of these Japanese language forms has a different degree of associated formality, reflecting the importance of maintaining respect within the social hierarchy.
The shortest form, sometimes referred to as dictionary form, is the most informal style of speaking. Japanese children learn to speak by using this more abrupt style first. Close friends speak to each other in this form as well, which is a sign of their warm friendship. Speaking in this Japanese language form to someone of a higher status is considered disrespectful, but those of higher social standing may speak in this style to those lower on the social hierarchy. This happens often in high school club circles. Upper classmen, called senpai, talk down to the younger students, known as kohai, by speaking in this style.
The polite form, with verb endings such as –masu and –mashita is typically the first Japanese language form non-native Japanese speakers learn due to its common use among adults. Using the polite form shows respect towards the listener, and adults of equal status commonly use this form.
One step above the polite form in showing respect, keigo is commonly used at companies to show appreciation of one’s boss. Listeners can easily tell the difference between keigo and the other, less formal Japanese language forms due to its lengthy verb endings. Many Japanese do not even know how to use keigo properly, leaving companies and schools to offer lessons on this highly formal type of speech.
To an outsider, these different verb patterns (each with varying levels of associated politeness) may seem overwhelming. For the speaker who has mastered each verb structure, however, knowing which Japanese language form to use in a given social situation is useful. The speaker can avoid offending anyone with his or her speech, show respect when appropriate and speak appropriately in various social situations. In many cultures, respect is highly valued. In Japanese, this significance is even evident in the spoken language.
Do you think having specific verb patterns with different degrees of politeness would be useful in English? Leave your thoughts in the comments section below!
