Before the Development of Simultaneous Interpretation
Prior to 1945, interpretation was a time-intensive endeavor, especially when speeches needed to be translated into multiple target languages. Limited to consecutive interpretation, the interpreter and the speaker would take turns, with each waiting for the other to finish before continuing. This process significantly extended the duration of large international meetings by hours or even days. The consecutive vs simultaneous interpretation debate became prominent during these times, as consecutive interpretation was the only available method.
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The Nuremberg Trials and the Need for a Faster Solution
The turning point in interpretation techniques came during the Nuremberg Trials, where the International Military Tribunal (IMT) mandated that Nazi war criminals receive a “fair and expedient” trial. Each prisoner was entitled to a speedy legal process in their own language. Additionally, representatives from each member state of the Allied Forces played a role in the proceedings. Judges, witnesses, defendants, prosecutors, and reporters spoke various European languages simultaneously in the courtroom. Traditional consecutive interpretation was not sufficient to ensure a speedy trial, leading to the need for a faster solution.
Leon Dostert and the Birth of Simultaneous Interpretation
American Colonel Leon Dostert provided the groundbreaking solution by pioneering the use of simultaneous interpretation. He collaborated with IBM and Commander Alfred Steer to create a team of interpreters who translated in real-time using microphones. This method was based on the technology pioneered by Edward Filene and IBM, who had earlier developed systems for the League of Nations.
With the help of IBM, Dostert trained over 100 interpreters for this new form of interpretation work. His team, comprised of interpreters for Russian, English, German, French, and additional auxiliary interpreters for Polish and Yiddish, worked at 60 words per minute. This real-time interpretation required speakers to adjust their speaking speed, with a yellow light signaling them to slow down and a red light telling them to pause.
What is Simultaneous Interpreting?
The process of simultaneous interpreting involves listening to a speaker in one language and translating it in real time to another language. But what is the technique of simultaneous interpreting? It relies on highly trained interpreters who can process and deliver translation almost instantaneously, using specialized equipment to ensure that all parties in the room receive the interpretation as soon as it is spoken.
Related: Five Things to Remember During Simultaneous Interpretation
Technological Innovations in Interpretation
Dostert’s use of IBM’s sound system marked a significant technological advancement. Earlier systems had speeches translated in advance, which were then read into a microphone while the original speech was delivered. However, this version of consecutive interpretation lacked the flexibility required for real-time interactions, particularly in fast-paced legal environments like the Nuremberg Trials.
As technology improved, the equipment used for simultaneous interpretation became more sophisticated. Specialized simultaneous interpretation equipment, such as headsets and microphones, allowed interpreters to manage high-pressure environments. What is an example of simultaneous in English? The Nuremberg Trials are often cited as a key historical example where simultaneous interpretation was used extensively in a legal context.
Sight Translation at the Nuremberg Trials
Another innovation that arose during the Nuremberg Trials was sight translation, which was used for the first time in a legal context. Given the overwhelming volume of German documents presented as evidence, the translation team could not keep up with the workload. As a result, interpreters had to read documents on the spot and provide spoken translations. This process was vital in expediting the trial proceedings.
Challenges Faced by Interpreters
Despite their significant contributions, interpreters at the Nuremberg Trials were often seen as a “necessary evil” by members of the court. Courtroom disruptions occurred when listeners removed their headsets, or even tripped over the cords. However, the system’s ultimate success led many interpreters who had honed their skills at Nuremberg to join the United Nations when the new international body implemented simultaneous interpretation.
What is the Meaning of Simultaneous Translation?
Simultaneous translation, commonly known as simultaneous interpretation, involves translating a message into another language as it is being spoken. The process requires interpreters to listen and translate in real-time, ensuring that the communication flow is uninterrupted, even in high-stakes environments like courtrooms and international summits.
The Legacy of Simultaneous Interpretation
The innovations in simultaneous interpretation and sight translation during the Nuremberg Trials transformed the field of interpretation. This trial not only sped up legal proceedings but also revolutionized how language barriers were handled in international law. As a result, simultaneous interpretation has become an essential tool for organizations like the UN, ensuring smooth communication across diverse languages.
What do you think of the historical origin of simultaneous interpretation and sight translation? Let us know your thoughts in the comments!
